Introduction to the Seminar on the State
Tuesday, November 16, 2010
Transcript Prof. Stefano Garroni.
(We apologize for any errors or typos in the text, due to the difficulty to report in writing an oral presentation)
.. I'm a little embarrassed to say ... ... in the sense that I'm increasingly convinced of the absolute poverty in which we live every day, so any argument having a minimum thickness, it seems out of this world, that makes no sense. And this clearly includes the enormous difficulties, because whatever topic you are going to face, or you deal with abandoning the view that the company will propose immediate interest, your little life of your little world, or leave it, and enter into another dimension, the dimension problems, objective analysis of the problems of universal point of view of the problems, or if you do not do this jump, you do not understand anything, everything becomes absurd. And then the embarrassment is just that ... I'm translating an essay about the criticism of religion and there are two important issues for us, which should be important right from the point of view of this premise, for this position, attitude, in order to address priority issues. There is first the distinction between of heavenly and the worldly , which are then of worldly the body of the sky god, and then what works support from the god of heaven, so that if you criticize the worldly god heavenly god does not fall. First. Second, we can say okay, do not drop the religion, what's wrong? remains the religion .. The fact is that the speech is carried by a point of view .. this speech critical of religion, perhaps I should say the critics of religion, then I'll explain why this distinction - it moves from a critical assumption, namely the assumption of possibility of creating a society in which there is at the center man, and man is the highest essence, the maximum for the man himself. So a company fully worldly, in which then it makes sense to speak of freedom of one who has provided the freedom of others and so on .... But all this presupposes that man has just released of these strains, which bind to foreign powers, which are material and immaterial. Even without falling into banality, each of us, unfortunately, seen the television, and I believe that television is a clear mirror of a society in which man is no longer such .. I remember the times, times that were still human, in which a beautiful woman was sitting, reclining, leaning against a car and the beautiful woman was used to draw your attention to the car, now no, now she is a simple presentation tool of the machine ... This fact has not fully human attraction, beauty, sexual life itself, everything is exploited immediately to the consumer, what is beautiful is the new Citroen, the woman is an appendage, when there is, and then may be replaced by anything else, because the center is the Citroen, behold, a world in which the center is the Citroen is a world in which there a religion, a religion objects. And this religion of the items makes you a man has no value except as a holder of objects. And in reality you are never the owner of objects, because are items that you have, because this new Citroen is wonderful, but afterwards there is another, which is even newer, even more magnificent, and even you're told: 'Look we give you ten years warranty for this machine, but if you first decade of change we want you to evaluate the x per cent of the assessment of the journal Quattroruote '. Then they put you in the head already .. you have this wonderful location, amazing is not it? Even in advertising, is shocking, you do not see this machine, there is only the voice of the buyer and seller who say, wants to see the car? "No, I read on Quattroruote which is great, so I will not see it, no sense, if the said Quattroruote ...! So the gospel, no? And that is the subject on which you already said you can see that change even before the deadline, so there's a mad chase to the object that dominates you, and you are the owner of a thing but you always run away from the hands, and demands new sacrifices ... In this sense it is a bit 'as a woman man, the man desperately tries to catch the woman, the woman's femininity, and this escapes him in his hands, is elusive, and then ... okay, it advocates sexual intercourse, but that is fine, but here is once again the relationship with the car, with a new machine. Now it is obvious that when an object playing this role as mica matter is made the object, that is, what exactly are the practical steps for the construction of the object because it reminds me of, say, factories, workers, people who fatigue, which works, that case never has trouble getting to the end of the month is ... No mere technology. The technology is something abstract, not human, is the technology that made ... and not of men ... and then that happens to me ... I came a bad foot and I need special care that can only be a nurse, then the nurse comes to me, is the Philippines, and tells me that her son has found a place in Dubai as a computer technician and of course very happy, earning four times what he earned first in the Philippines, Dubai is a magnificent country, who are all well .. etc I say, 'but his son was interested to know how are the farmers and workers in Dubai' No? and of course the son of this nurse is a poor man, who had a sudden success, this success had disappeared the human world, it seems: the television, computer, technology, the money disappears ... and everything else, there's nothing left. And then .... Now what interested me was to emphasize that in this domain object man as the object acquires its own personality, its own strength, its ability to conditioning to humans, appears as a power that affects humans, but it affects not just the dominates, and this is very important here to recall that to express this concept of something that I dominated from the outside, German uses the term Fremde, which means stranger ... and that is why we must not confuse between alienation and alienation, the estrangement is this situation that I described, the sale is simply the fact that I and the alien object that I give to another, the sale, gift or have ideas and put them in writing. While the estrangement implies precisely the existence of this religious object. But if there is a religious object it means that my life is not under my control, is controlled by objects and the mystery that is technology. We all use the computer course, difficult to know how it's done, as is done to fix it etc. .. and none of us has the courage to question not progress, this let him do the fascists, no, to question the forms of progress. I mean, unless Citroen and more hospitals could be better ... no progress? .... But then would come a criterion, that of human health, health in the broad sense of the term, as the fundamental purpose of social organization, in fact the essence of man as the main ' man.
here can also be interesting to note that in essence says German wesen but wesen is also the word to life, so when I say the main essence of man for the man I mean a really , that's when the company was built so that in reality man for man the ultimate goal, then it is clear that the object recedes, becomes a tool, and it is interesting that we use the term very often ... reason in the sense of saying something which is a utilitarian calculus, that is what is the rational act? the rational act is what the least expensive for the least effort, I can reach the goal ... good reason, rationality become different if the center is the man for then means to human freedom, expanding human richness of humanity, enlargement of human possibilities. We do not mind, but in fact it was Einstein a man ... .. and that Albert Einstein could make any man can do, in fact, there comes to mind because we are placed in a situation where there are some Einstein and others who do not will never become, there are some good universities and others that will always be bad, worse and worse, so in reality if the man has to be the fundamental goal of man is all the social order changing, but changing this attitude is being challenged the material basis of the intangible God. Someone said that religion is ' the spiritual yearning of a world without spirit', and I think that is absolutely correct and fascinating as the definition, that is, while religion is necessary precisely because this world is oppressive, because this world is inhospitable because this world is not mine, not of man, I am a stranger in this world dominated by the objects and abstractions like the market, money, technology, democracy and in fact you .. you know ... I say democracy because you know perfectly well that if those who speak of democracy asks: Excuse me, how many unemployed are there? And how do you talk about democracy if you are unemployed? How do you talk about democracy if Marchionne .. what's his name? If Marchionne earns four hundred times what a worker earns? Four hundred times! And he is the manager and if there is a crisis fired the worker and not him. Four hundred times! Obviously such a world, inhospitable, inhuman, and place in which to force religion like this spiritual longing for a world without spirit , is a world in which some miracles. Berlusconi! Soon Time has done a miracle has solved the problem of trash in Naples! You saw yesterday on television, did a miracle, destroyed the Veneto, which was brought to sample the economy as an alternative to the Communists who criticize bad, right? A child dies every second in the world from starvation or disease .. Every second a child dies! Here I believe that in fact we can not address any argument if you do not say from this point of view: here it does not matter my problem, my each other, the my house, my coffee etc ... here the problem is the world in which we stand, which has been taken by someone, there is a mechanism that has taken off, we made him a stranger, we made him an enemy, it is against this mechanism that we have to move, to get humanity ..
Now ... many years ago, before Socrates, a greek philosopher said: 'If the cows have a god of the image with the face of the cow' ... Yeah, it's just that, in this world that I'm not the My, my do not feel it is strange, is against me, then I aspire and imagine another world, which is made in the image of what I want, what I want. Always someone saying, ' religion is the cry of protest against an inhuman world' ... outcry by the impotent, though. Those who can not change this world, does not have the weapons to do so. Then shouts, and caters to a foreign power, far away. Now ... this alien power, far, we have it very close every time we hear a speech whatsoever, everyday ... someone who says, 'Well, here but the state should intervene and prevent this to happen!' And you never ask: 'Why not?' Still, if you ask him, then begin to get on that road ... so we would see that the state is not subject to this non-partisan, that power is being aimed at of all, justice for all, but is a part, and is a part organized against other parties. The world is full of mysteries ... you know there's a big, huge ... I think that no Italian in his daily life, objects that use every day without at least one object that has been produced in China, but if I watch TV China is the only place where tragedies occur ... mining disasters, trains, flooding, misery, right? Yet, yet instead ... and then comes out another deity, the deity done. The press, which is printed or not, should give the facts, you should inform: "this happens and this I say "... No, so many things happen, you choose to tell me those things that serve to keep in my misery, my fear, my inability to rebel .. I sit, bent over, annihilated, I must not wake up ... then I have to say, for example, it is obvious .... that when there was the tsunami in Sri Lanka and international aid went great, until people's organizations did not take their hands and began to distribute things, they went to the wealthy Sinhalese, the people had nothing, I do not have to say this, I must say that the first thing that the Americans have offered to Sri Lanka when the tsunami there was, 'we send the Marines!' What have the Marines?: There are two U.S. bases in Sri Lanka now ... against Pakistan and against India. We know it is vulgar, it's nasty, it's ugly: Chavez ... so: the largest U.S. base in Latin America is now the border between Colombia and Venezuela .... looks a bit ': in Colombia is fighting a guerrilla war for many years, and controls much of the country, and on the other hand, there is a Chavez says that the Arabs, for example .. "But we begin to sell oil in Euros instead of dollars. ..." .. That would be a disaster, of course, the Democrat Obama. Now today ... it says a lot ... okay, one in his bedroom ago what he wants ... but what monstrous! Why is not it, that because you're in the bedroom, you're also a father, a mother, a citizen, you're not made of separate, you can not be a pig on one side and a good person on the other. Where no one sees you, where you are alone, without hiding where you can finally reveal ... you're a pig! It'd be a good person in other fields? And indeed he does miracles with the Naples trash , then has some relationship with the niece of Mu Barak, showing among other things, because that ignorance is Moroccan and Egyptian ... Now what is interesting is that we are right now used by television, cinema, press, right? to consider the misery of daily life as freedom ... 'I have the right to do what I want in my room!'. No, you're a responsible person than other people, and you have a job ... and it's true, we remove the myths of the way, you're not here by chance, you have to do things here, and you have to question yourself, you must have the ability self-criticism to ask if you can do what is right for you to do from the company ... not compared to anything weird, from the company! Did you see that in this period are unleashed all a bit 'all against Berlusconi and ... then unleashed against the judges ... so then it turns out that judges have no other left-handed or things in the drawers so clean ... and will probably be true ... but it is all that this set is a generalized low ground ... and then it is possible that one does one thing, does another one ... the fact is that we can not more than that, and we should not be able to more than these people have to change things and change things ... but things do not change if we do not we get used to think that our horizon is the company, not the individual and the individual's sense in society. There is no right of before the society, the very concept of law implies the company, implies a recognition, and recognition by society is just. So I do not have to save anything from the attack of society, namely the human community, no, my salvation lies in human community, but , to the extent that it is human, and not dominated by foreign powers, not dominated by fremdekeit, dall'estraniazione, or such fetishes, tangible or intangible that may be. Here, it is clear that there ... even in Brazil, where I did a course on the rule, how to change the historical meanings in the expression of political language, recall attention to the issue of separation of powers, namely the fact that society is organized in such a way that corresponds to a countervailing power ... and then no one can emerge as dominating the others. And here I think it's fair to say, why not it for anyone - just so it will be well remembered, the highest organ of power that Lenin's image in its state-building, is the Audit Commission established by the workers and peasants 'no party', the laggards, who are responsible for checking the State ... The State Party, the Soviet Union ... the but there is this popular control ... and repeat ... of non-Party, and the most backward. Obviously the party, the Union etc ... will ensure that the ignorant make better educated, less outstanding arrears, but will always be subject to this control further. It is no accident that happened to him, a few days ago that someone would write on the computer: "Yeah sure, you can be with Lenin, but if you are with Lenin with Stalin was' ... no, because what is Success is just that, just that Stalin came to power this power structure was put under ground, was literally put in the ground, were killed ... and then no, we must distinguish, that is one must understand very well indeed in every field, political, economic, etc. ..: there is no god, there is no authority sum, everything has to be screened. Someone said: democracy is the distrust organized this definition ... wonderful ... and that someone was a communist, a Babeuf, one of the first community of the French Revolution .. distrust organized. Of course, the suspicion involves responsibility, though. Because ... you know, for example, there was a time when the university is claiming a democratic school, not cattedratica .. no! .. Who teaches has the responsibility to be competent in what it does, your student should have this control, you must have the guarantee that anyone who teaches you know what you teach, so that to argue with you, which by definition do not know ... learn! After discussion, but you must have the guarantee that anyone who teaches you, he can. Then come other problems no? The problem of how to control the training of teachers, for example, and we're in a world, mind you, a very interesting world, where for example there is a trade union called Andu, National Association of University Teachers, which has been fighting against the existence of three levels of teaching, researchers, lecturers and professors, against this and against Dominating are the tricks that ... of course not surprising that someone who is part of this union, just found two barons who supported it is gone in the chair ... ... .. you see here is the control of the ignorant, no? the ignorant is a bit 'like the Roman in the cinema when it comes to variety comedian says, "AOH! faces go ride! "... this is beautiful ... but as you are dell'Andu, you are against the three levels of teaching, and as soon as you have found the two barons mailed you? Or what .. beautiful ... you know that there was a Communist leader, Magri, who was always tanned ... in a meeting, he is about to speak, and bottom: "a 'abbronzatooo!" here I mean to critique .. precisely this ability of a leader ... there is the fact that you have to play the game and the game is to respect the common interest ... and you are but one of many here ... I believe that if one starts from this point of view then it can also argue over the State, the Constitution etc. .. But at this point becomes a living thing, true. If you do not share this point of view becomes a technicality, boring ... then hide the cheating, and therefore serves no purpose ... okay, let us take it as a chat, so .. know how to say ... hoping that next time we are also other people and we can start working properly. And ... I just think you have the chance ... you a library .... There is a book of Lelio Basso, 'without the prince scepter', on the Republican Constitution, that could be a reference point for talking ...
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