Ap Bio Dna Lab Answers

-how to determine the salary "right" and the "right" job - Friedrich Engels May 7, 1881 * -

1. This is therefore been in the last fifty years the slogan of the British labor movement. It has given great service during the development of trade unions after the rebellion against the laws of the shameful conditions of 1884 *, and gave even better results at the time of the glorious Chartist movement, when the English workers marched at the head of the whole European working class . But time does not stop, and what was desirable or even necessary to fifty or even thirty years ago, has become null and void, completely out of place. It also perhaps part of what the old and respectable password?                                                                                                 A fair wage for a fair job? But what is a fair wage, and what a proper job? ; ; In che modo essi vengono determinati dalle leggi mediante le quali esiste e si sviluppa la società moderna?                                                                                                                                            To answer this question, we must not rely on the science of the moral law of justice, nor any feeling of humanity, justice, or even goodness. What about social justice or injustice is decided by a single science, a science that deals with the facts of production and exchange, the science of political economy. What can we call a fair wage and a job fair on the basis of political economy? Simply the level of wages and the duration and intensity of work, as are determined by free market competition of employers and workers. And what are they, when they are determined in such a way? A fair wage is, under normal conditions, the amount required to procure worker to the means of subsistence, which he needs in relation to the average standard of living of his environment and his country, to keep in condition to work and perpretare her offspring. The real level of wages may fluctuate, depending on the business, sometimes above and sometimes below the number so defined, but under appropriate conditions, this should be the average of all swings. A job fair is nothing but the duration of the workday and the intensity of real work, for which in the course of a day is used the 'lavorodell'operaio whole force, without prejudice to its capacitàdi provide an equal amount of work in the following days. The transaction can be described as as follows: the worker by the capitalist his full work force for a day, which is what he can give without affecting the uninterrupted continuation of the transaction. In exchange he gets exactly that amount of means of subsistence, and no more, which is necessary to make possible the repetition of the exchange every day. The worker gives the capitalist and so little time, what is the nature of the deal. This is undoubtedly a very specific kind of justice.                                                                                              Ma look a bit 'the problem better. Because according to political economy, wages and employment are determined by competition, fairness would seem to require that both parties are given equal opportunity and equal conditions. But this is not the case. If capitalism can not reach an agreement with the worker, he can afford to wait and live in its capital, but the employee does not have this opportunity, to live is only his wages, and must therefore accept the job where it is, and the conditions under which it is. The worker has no equal possibilities, hunger puts it under a distinct disadvantage, and yet this, according to the political economy of the capitalist class, is the apex of justice. But this is still the least. The introduction of mechanical power and machinery into new lines of business, the progress of mechanization and the extension active in business, where already had established itself, excrete continuously and increasingly Meggiorato "arms" from their jobs, and this occurs at a faster pace than the "arms" unnecessary and can be absorbed into other occupied factories of the country. These "arms" superfluous provide a true capitalist industrial reserve army. If business is bad they can starve, beg, steal or go all'ospizio; se gli affari vanno bene sono li pronti per lo sviluppo della produzione; e, fino a quando l'ultimo uomo, l'ultima donna e l'ultimo bambino di questo esercito di riserva, a causa della concorrenza tra gli operai che essa comporta manterrà bassi i salari e rafforzerà, nella sua lotta contro il lavoro, il potere del capitale.                                                                                                                                                Nella gara con il capitale, il lavoro non solo parte svantaggiato, ma deve anche trascinarsi una palla al piede costituita dall'esercito di riserva! E questa, secondo l'economia politica capitalista sarebbe giustizia:                                                                                                                                                We look forward to finding out the nature of the funds by which the capitalist pays these salaries just so exceptionally. This is of course the capital, but capital does not produce value, apart from the land the value is the only source of wealth, capital itself is nothing but accumulated product of labor. It follows that the salary is paid with the product of his work. Based on what normally is called Justice, the wages of workers should be to the product of his work. But according to political economy, this would not be fair. Indeed, the work product of the worker goes to the capitalist and the worker does not receive more than you need for soprevvivenza. The end result di questa gara straordinariamente "giusta" della concorrenza è quindi che il prodotto del lavoro di coloro che lavorano si accumula inevitabilmente nelle mani di coloro che non lavorano, e nelle loro mani diventa il mezzo più potente per ridurre in schiavitù proprio quegli uomini che lo hanno prodotto.                                                                                                                                               Un salario giusto per un lavoro giusto! Ci sarebbe ancora molto da dire sul giusto lavoro, la cui giustizia ha esattamente le stesse dimensioni del salario. Ma dobbiamo rimandare ciò ad un'altra occasione. Da quanto abbiamo detto risulta chiaramente che la vecchia parola d'ordine è superata e oggi non più utilizzabile. L'imparzialità dell'economia politica, come viene stabilita nella realtà delle leggi che governano la società esistente, tale imparzialità è totalmente di parte, dalla parte del capitale. Seppellire quindi per sempre il vecchio slogan, e sostituirlo con un altro: Trasferimento dei mezzi di produzione (materie prime, fabbriche, macchine) nelle mani stesse del popolo che lavora.                                                                                                                                            * This is the first in a series of editorials written by Engels for "The labor standards," weekly "trade unions" published in London from 1881 to 1885. Engels, however, was soon forced to abandon all cooperation with this newspaper, because of the tendency increasingly serious opportunistic in which it manifests itself. Laws against coalitions prohibited the establishment of workers' associations and any activity of any kind. Following a vaste ribellioni delle masse lavoratrici e anche dei settori progressisti dell'opinione pubblica, furono abrogate con un decretodel parlamento del 1824. L'anno successivo veniva però votata dallo stesso parlamento un'altra legge fortemente limitativa dell'attività delle associazioni operaie, che in pratica tendeva a renderle del tutto innocue. Ad esempio, per tale legge, la propaganda che invitava gli operai ad aderire alle associazioni veniva considerata reato, e l'agitazione per gli scioperi addirittura equiparata all'istigazione a delinquere.